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[Water_news] 5. DWR'S CALIFORNIA WATER NEWS: AGENCIES, PROGRAMS, PEOPLE - 6/1/07

Department of Water Resources

California Water News

A daily compilation of significant news articles and comment

 

June 1, 2007

 

5. Agencies, Programs, People

 

FLOOD LEGISLATION:

Assembly flood protection bills advance - Fairfield Daily Republic

 

FLOOD ISSUES:

Editorial: Stemming flood risks; Governor wants to establish limits on development in plains areas - Fresno Bee (This editorial also appeared in today’s Sacramento Bee)

 

NORTHERN CALIFORNIA LEVEES:

Herger, Army officials tour J levee project - Chico Enterprise Record

 

OROVILLE FACILITIES:

How the Gold Rush made the Oroville Dam - Oroville Mercury Register

 

 

FLOOD LEGISLATION:

Assembly flood protection bills advance

Fairfield Daily Republic – 6/1/07

By Ben Antonius, staff writer

 

FAIRFIELD - Three bills by Assemblywoman Lois Wolk, D-Davis, advanced a step closer to passage Thursday, passing from the Assembly Appropriations Committee to the full Assembly.

Assembly Bills 5, 162 and 1452 aim to strengthen flood protection planning throughout the state. Wolk's flood protection legislation was among nearly 550 bills considered Thursday by the fiscal committee.

The bills will next be voted upon by the full Assembly.

"The committee's approval of these bills is a strong step toward addressing the ongoing disconnect between flood management decisions and floodplain land-use decisions, particularly in the Central Valley," Wolk said in a statement.

AB 5 offers financial incentives to encourage local governments to adopt flood protection plans before approving new developments.

The bill also includes minimum flood protection standards for new developments within flood-prone areas.

AB 162 requires local governments to incorporate flood hazards in their general plans to minimize risk in flood-prone areas. AB 1452 sets priorities and establishes criteria for the cost-effective expenditure of the $5 billion flood bond approved by voters in November 2006. #

http://local.dailyrepublic.net/story_localnews.php?a=news06.txt

 

 

FLOOD ISSUES:

Editorial: Stemming flood risks; Governor wants to establish limits on development in plains areas

Fresno Bee (This editorial also appeared in today’s Sacramento Bee) – 6/1/07

 

Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger hopes to go down in history as California's flood-control governor, and he enhanced this reputation last year by leading a $4.4 billion bond referendum to upgrade the state's levees.

 

Yet his legacy in this realm of public safety is hardly spotless. It was tarnished in last year's legislative session. The governor vacillated as the building industry helped kill legislation to limit development in inadequately protected floodplains. This year, Schwarzenegger seems determined not to repeat that mistake.

 

Over the past week, the administration has quietly floated a proposal that is rocking the flood management world. The proposal is marked "confidential and privileged." The Sacramento Bee obtained a copy of it.

 

In the proposal, the administration goes further than it has to date in recognizing that continued haphazard development threatens the administration's strategy for reducing flood risks.

 

While $4 billion sounds like a lot of money, it isn't enough to adequately protect existing Central Valley communities. If local governments approve homes in undeveloped floodplains in coming years, the construction will add to the overall risk -- and siphon off dollars that should be spent on existing communities.

 

To avoid that, the administration proposes to prohibit local governments from approving new subdivisions in undeveloped, deep floodplains -- until they have plans in place to more than double their current level of flood protection. It would "close several loopholes that would otherwise allow developers to vest their right to develop in a floodplain," the proposal states, and amend the state's existing development agreement and tentative map statutes.

 

Unlike other legislative proposals so far, the governor's plan would be effective in 2008. That means cities and counties couldn't grant new entitlements in undeveloped, deep floodplains until at least 2010 -- the earliest they could possibly put forth a viable plan (with funding mechanisms spelled out) for improving their levees and other flood-control systems.

 

A two-year suspension of new entitlements in these floodplains is appropriate. Currently, officials don't know which levees in the Valley even meet a minimal 100-year level of flood protection. In all likelihood, the overwhelming majority have problems with underseepage, which inspectors have discovered in some developments.

 

By 2010, flood officials will have a stronger handle on which levees meet a minimal standard, and which don't. Local governments then can lay out their plans for improving flood protection, and make land-use decisions based on facts, not conjecture.

 

The governor's proposal is still a work in progress. Which floodplains and communities would be affected? How quickly should they be required to raise their levels of flood protection? What kind of standard would be used to judge the adequacy of local government plans for upgrading their levees?

 

These are all important questions. Yet the governor is on the right track -- and has gone out on a limb -- by advancing this proposal. If legislators in both chambers can work with him on the final product, 2007 could be a historic year for smart flood planning.  #

http://www.fresnobee.com/opinion/story/51143.html

 

 

NORTHERN CALIFORNIA LEVEES:

Herger, Army officials tour J levee project

Chico Enterprise Record – 6/1/07

By Barbara Arrigoni, staff writer

 

HAMILTON CITY -- An Army official indicated Thursday the project to replace the 100-year-old J levee may get final authorization during the next few months and could move toward a budget committee by September.

 

John P. Woodley Jr., assistant secretary of the Army for civil works, spoke to officials and a handful of press during a visit to the levee with Rep. Wally Herger (R-Chico) and Brigadier Gen. John R. McMahon, Southwest Region commander of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

 

The Hamilton City Flood Damage Reduction and Ecosystem Restoration Project has been in the works for several years. It includes construction of a new 6.8-mile long setback levee and restoration of about 1,500 acres of native riparian habitat.

 

As the supervisor of civil projects nationwide, Woodley visited the area for the first time and said the project represents a "21st Century concept" for flood control and management for communities.

 

He said the Hamilton City project is "the most forward-going project in the Corps of Engineers."

 

During a brief press conference, Hamilton City Reclamation District representative LeeAnne Grigsby Puente thanked Herger and U.S. Sen. Dianne Feinstein for their efforts.

 

Grigsby-Puente also credited Woodley for convincing the Office of Management and Budget not to reduce the $621,000 authorized by the House to continue the project's design phase, which is currently under way.

 

Both the House of Representatives and the Senate recently passed separate Water Resources Development bills containing authorization of the project.

 

Next, Congress must fine-tune the bill that, if passed, will go to President Bush for his signature. Woodley said he's hopeful the House and Senate will work out differences between the two branches on items in the "big bill" not pertaining to the levee project.

 

Once Congress authorizes the project, the next phase requiring advocacy will be when it moves on to a budget committee and then to appropriations, Woodley said. He said authorization will hopefully come this summer and the project will hit the budget stage possibly in early September.

 

One person asked Herger and Woodley if there is a plan B if the project isn't authorized.

 

Herger answered there is always a legislative process, but added, "We have more momentum going now than we have had before ... The administration and Corps of Engineers are taking this project very seriously. Is it fast enough? No."

 

He added the project is moving forward and he is guardedly optimistic.

 

Woodley said once the design phase is complete, the project will be broken into phases for contractors, with oversight by the Corps' project manager of the Sacramento district.

 

Before embarking on a boat tour along the levee, Corps engineer Col. Ronald Light confirmed the project's estimated construction start date is now 2009.

 

"It's a matter of funding," Light said. "We're competing with projects (like this) nationwide."

 

Glenn County Supervisor Tom McGowan said he's "still optimistically guarded" about the project, but added, "It looks like we have the attention of everyone who had authority to make this happen."

 

A Corps spokesman said the local contribution toward the cost of building the levee is about $1 million. The levee is expected to take two years to complete, and the total estimated project cost is now close to $60 million.

 

BACKGROUND: Hamilton City citizens and government officials have been working for decades to get a new levee built to replace the aged J levee. Six major floods in the last 25 years have required evacuations.

 

WHAT'S NEW: Federal and local representatives took a boat tour along the Sacramento River Thursday to view the areas of the J levee that will be replaced with a new setback levee. The project is now estimated to begin construction in 2009 at a cost of nearly $60 million.

 

WHAT'S NEXT: With water resources bills passed in both the Senate and House of Representatives, Congress will hopefully work out differences in a bill that will ultimately go to President Bush. Part of it will authorize the project. After that the project will be sent to budget officials and then appropriation. #

http://www.chicoer.com/newshome/ci_6035136

 

 

OROVILLE FACILITIES:

How the Gold Rush made the Oroville Dam

Oroville Mercury Register – 6/1/07

By Michael Whiteley, staff writer

 

Gold Fever may have struck in Oroville in '49, yet it wouldn't be until 50 years ago today those initial diggings would be recycled in a process that went on to make the largest earth-filled dam in the world by the time it was completed.

 

After most other methods of harvesting gold gave way to the more convenient method of dredging the Feather River, much of Oroville soon became one huge mass of more than 165 million tons of river rock. This was the way it stayed until somehow the idea to build a massive earth-filled dam on the Feather River got started with a handful of contracts to drill the earth to test for the core rock foundation in June of 1957.

 

Of those first explorations into the feasibility of actually building a dam made of earth across Oroville's most pristine valley, where legendary bars, such as Bidwell's Bar, once put this country on the map of California, Oroville's Gene Merian can say a lot. His father, Robert, was of the first to be issued a local dam contract, and rightfully so, as his family had been mining the Feather River since the 1850s.

 

"My grandfather A. T. Merian started mining here back in 1850, and my family continued to mine here up until WW2. Steel and fuel prices then went up and the gold prices stayed the same. It was hard for them to continue on their own as they were a small mining operation," Merian said. About the time the family mining business gave in, Merian's father hooked up with the Richter Brothers of local mining fame and fortune. "My dad worked for them on and off for the better part of his life," he said.

 

Merian is a 1955 graduate of Oroville Union High School, who remembers hanging out on the banks of the Feather River with a gold pan since he was very young. After graduation, he went on to work part time at Oroville Auto Parts and also worked part time putting his engine-greasing experience to work along side his dad and his dad's partners, the Richter Bros.

 

Before the Oroville Dam project got under way, Merian remembers that Oroville was "like 10 degrees hotter" than it is today.

 

"It was hotter because the rock piles collected the heat of the sun all day long and would release it into the air at night. In the rock piles there were no trees," he remembers.

 

Robert Merian received the contract to begin test drilling for core rock at the proposed dam site when his son was in the Army, but in 1959 his son was back from service and working for his father again, "of course." They had already dug test tunnels, yet were still in the exploratory stages. The young Merian helped out by rebuilding roads to the site.

 

Later came the rail system that would eventually connect the Gold Rush diggings of Oroville, then referred to as the "Barrow Pits," to the dam site. "They were originally going to build the dam out of concrete but the materials left behind from the dredging bucket-line operations were close at hand. The Gold Rush came first. If it wasn't for the gold ­ that's what made Oroville. And, that's what went on to make the Oroville Dam, too," Merian said.

 

Merian recalls that there were those who said the dam project destroyed the landscape of Oroville, but "back then you had to eat, and to eat you had to work, and the dam project provided jobs. It was not long after the Depression, and jobs were hard to find. You didn't just go sign up for welfare," he said.

 

The building of the Oroville Dam changed Oroville drastically, he said. Much of the change was for the better, especially for the state and its drinking water and agricultural needs. Oroville became what is still known as the "Heart of the State Water Project," and due to the many jobs the project created the local economy boomed.

 

However, there was a downside, too.

 

"It seemed like 80 percent of the men who worked on the dam got divorced, because the ladies all had new clothes, new homes, new cars, and their men were working long hours ... That's the way it was. Sadly, one day it was done and everything just stopped," Merian said.

 

"After the work on the dam stopped you could pick up a home by just picking up the payments. Local real estate took a dive and a lot of people struggled," he added. "It was shocking ­ and to think of how you were going to pay the bills."

 

Merian also noted that some of the promises the Department of Water Resources had made to the residents of Oroville didn't pan out. "I recall there was supposed to be free access to the lake for all the locals. We lost Bidwell Bar and a lot of other beautiful properties. The Feather River canyon was forever changed. It was the price we all paid for the dam. The people expected the payoff to be a lot sooner that it actually happened," he said.

 

Recent negotiations for relicensing the dam, however, has brought the citizens of Oroville yet another Gold Rush of sorts thanks to the Oroville Dam. Riverbend Park has been developed, and facilities on the lake for fishing and access have also improved. A downtown plaza and a veterans memorial park are also planned, wholly or in part with moneys soon to be realized through funding from the relicensing. Patience seems to be the key to realizing the fruits of the Oroville Dam Project.

 

"It's all coming back," Merian said, in closing. "When I think about it I am proud to be able to say that I worked on the Oroville Dam. Everyone I worked with thought of it as a fantastic job. The people who come here need to realize our history and where Oroville came from, because it's important. We came from gold." #

DWR's California Water News is distributed to California Department of Water Resources management and staff, for information purposes, by the DWR Public Affairs Office. For reader's services, including new subscriptions, temporary cancellations and address changes, please use the online page: http://listhost2.water.ca.gov/mailman/listinfo/water_news. DWR operates and maintains the State Water Project, provides dam safety and flood control and inspection services, assists local water districts in water management and water conservation planning, and plans for future statewide water needs. Inclusion of materials is not to be construed as an endorsement of any programs, projects, or viewpoints by the Department or the State of California.

[Water_news] 4. DWR'S CALIFORNIA WATER NEWS: WATER QUALITY - 6/1/07

Department of Water Resources

California Water News

A daily compilation of significant news articles and comment

 

June 1, 2007

 

4. Water Quality

 

***Nothing significant to report

[Water_news] 3. DWR'S CALIFORNIA WATER NEWS: WATERSHEDS - 6/1/07

Department of Water Resources

California Water News

A daily compilation of significant news articles and comment

 

June 1, 2007

 

3. Watersheds

 

BAY AREA WETLANDS:

Berkeley wetlands get $1.5 million; Grant seen as step forward in developing Eastshore State Park - Inside Bay Area

 

DELTA ISSUES:

Guest Opinion: The fish and the whales - San Francisco Chronicle

 

 

BAY AREA WETLANDS:

Berkeley wetlands get $1.5 million; Grant seen as step forward in developing Eastshore State Park

Inside Bay Area – 6/1/07

By Kristin Bender

 

BERKELEY — The California Coastal Conservancy will dole out roughly $1.5 million in grant funds to restore seasonal wetlands at the Berkeley Meadow and draw up plans to develop more than 30 acres in the "brickyard area" at Eastshore State Park.

 

It's another step forward in the more than three decades-long effort to develop the 8.5-mile long Eastshore State Park, 2,000 acres of uplands and tidelands along the waterfront of Berkeley, Oakland, Emeryville, Albany and Richmond.

 

Of the $1.5 million, more than $1.4 million will go to the East Bay Regional Park District to restore seasonal wetlands at the Berkeley Meadow, an area on the northern side of University Avenue across from the Seabreeze Market and Deli that is only partially restored.

 

"We've lost 90 percent of all the wetlands. This is a major step forward to put forth that back," said Berkeley Mayor Tom Bates, who has worked on developing the Eastshore State Park since 1971.

 

Before Bates was mayor, he served in the state Assembly for 20 years and wrote the legislation that created the park.

 

The 72-acre meadow is a gateway to the park and a mix of nature preserves for birds and wildlife, and recreation areas for walkers, waders, bicyclists, anglers and picnickers.

 

Last fall, a 17-acre slice of the Berkeley Meadow was opened.

 

Restoration of the former garbage dump marked the first completed phase of the Eastshore State Park General Plan, adopted in 2002 after 25 years of work by park leaders, elected officials and community watchdogs.

 

About $120,000 of the Coastal Conservancy's grant funds will go to California State Parks for planning and design of an area known as the "brickyard."

 

Ultimately, there will be an interpretive center, more access to the shoreline, trails and picnic areas and the perfect place to throw a Frisbee, Bates said.

 

"We keep pushing and pushing, and pretty soon we'll have a real park," Bates said.

 

The plan is expected to be completed in a year, and it will put the park in line for millions of dollars in state bond money.

 

"People will have a lot of input into the (plan), and then we'll be ready for the next step," he said. Developing the area will ultimately cost $10 million to $12 million, Bates said. #

http://www.insidebayarea.com/localnews/ci_6036532

 

 

DELTA ISSUES:

Guest Opinion: The fish and the whales

San Francisco Chronicle – 5/31/07

By Peter Gleick, president of the Pacific Institute

 

The Terminator may soon become Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger's official title, not just his humorous nickname. For the past week, media and public attention has been riveted on the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta as two wayward whales made their way back to the Pacific Ocean. At the same time, and of far less apparent public interest, another crisis below the surface of the delta has reached a boiling point. New scientific surveys revealed that a tiny fish -- the delta smelt -- appears to be heading for rapid extinction.

 

Numerous surveys this year turned up only 25 of the officially threatened fish, a tiny fraction of the number found in similar surveys taken over the past seven years. This led the federal and state scientists conducting the surveys to issue an unprecedented warning describing the delta smelt as "critically imperiled" and calling for an "emergency response."

 

The extinction of any species is a tragedy. The extinction of the smelt would be an unnecessary one, given our impressive scientific understanding of this species and its ecosystem. While the smelt is small, unphotogenic and unlikely to generate swarms of reporters in helicopters, boats and TV vans, the implications of its extinction will be felt from the governor's office to the farms and cities of Southern California. The fear in the scientific community is that, as goes the smelt, so ultimately, go the salmon and other threatened and endangered fish.

 

Unfortunately, for many years California governors and federal and state environmental officials at agencies ranging from the Department of Water Resources to Fish and Game to the Bureau of Reclamation have been unwilling to implement the increasingly urgent recommendations of the scientific teams to change the way the delta water system is managed. The economic and political pressures to maintain exports of water to Southern California users are high. We know, however, that the physical barriers and huge pumps in the delta that permit massive exports of water to farms and cities in the south also kill fish directly and radically change flows in the delta, affecting water quality, water temperatures and access to habitat vital for fish survival.

 

The scientific evidence suggests that reducing the amount of water diverted from the delta by both state and federal facilities during the critical periods when young fish are near the pumps should help reduce piscine mortality. Reducing exports during spawning is also considered critical, and can be done by better monitoring and controlling for delta water temperatures. Despite specific recommendations to reduce exports of water that threaten fish and to modify or eliminate physical barriers in the delta, water exports have gone up in recent years, not down. The science shows a clear relationship between increasing water exports and decreasing survival of fish. Yet we know that exports of water south can be reduced by accelerating and expanding efforts to reduce wasteful and inefficient uses of water. Even now, during a severe drought, few water agencies are putting new water-use efficiency programs in place, preferring instead to just hope that next year is wet.

 

Scientific uncertainties remain, but this is not the time for new studies. There is now a real risk that the fish may literally be studied to death. While the biology of the fish and the complex dynamics of the delta make it hard for scientists to know what will guarantee survival of the species, the official scientific working group has made a set of specific recommendations in its most recent briefing statement. In particular, the massive delta pumps must be operated so that they don't completely reverse the flows of the Old and Middle rivers; south delta water exports and physical barriers must be limited until the vast majority of the smelt population migrates below the confluence of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers; flows in the San Joaquin River must be increased during summer; and the salinity in the western delta must be managed to maximize smelt spawning and survival.

If the governor doesn't want to be a real-life Terminator, he must immediately direct his agency officials to implement these recommendations. Save the whales, but save the fishes, too.

Peter H. Gleick is president of the Pacific Institute, an independent nonprofit policy research group in Oakland, a MacArthur fellow and a member of the National Academy of Sciences. #

http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2007/05/31/EDGHRQ45531.DTL

####

[Water_news] 2. DWR'S CALIFORNIA WATER NEWS: SUPPLY - 6/1/07

Department of Water Resources

California Water News

A daily compilation of significant news articles and comment 

 

June 1, 2007

 

2. Supply

 

RECYCLED WATER:

City to announce largest sale of reclaimed water - San Diego Union Tribune

 

AGRICULTURE:

Guest Column: Turning water into wine; To water grapevines or not -- the roots of the wine industry's next great controversy - San Francisco Chronicle

 

 

RECYCLED WATER:

City to announce largest sale of reclaimed water

San Diego Union Tribune – 6/1/07

By Mike Lee, staff writer

 

San Diego city officials will announce the largest sale of recycled water in county history today.

 

The buyer is the Otay Water District, which has agreed to purchase about 6 million gallons of reclaimed – or partially purified – water each day for irrigating golf courses, parks and other areas in eastern Chula Vista. The water will come from San Diego's two reclamation plants.

 

But even with this major deal, the reclamation facilities will operate at only about one-third of their combined capacity. The city will continue to pump tens of millions of gallons of partially treated wastewater into the ocean daily instead of recycling them for sale.

 

Few businesses are willing to buy reclaimed water, partly because they don't want to pay for the installation of specialized plastic piping. It's expensive to put in the purple pipes in developed areas – so expensive that San Diego has stopped doing such work for the time being.

 

Meanwhile, Mayor Jerry Sanders has rejected the politically volatile idea of super-purifying the wastewater so it can be used as drinking water. The concept, known as reservoir augmentation, has been espoused by several City Council members, a city-sponsored citizens' panel, a coalition of water districts throughout the county, many environmentalists and the county grand jury.

 

“The city appears to lack the vision to take actions to protect citizens from potential water shortages,” the grand jury wrote in a mid-May review of San Diego's water and wastewater programs.

 

The report said San Diego won't meet its self-declared goal of selling 50 percent of the recycled water that it can produce by 2010. It also noted that reservoir augmentation would help reduce the city's huge reliance on non-local sources of water. San Diego imports about 85 percent of its water, and overall water demand is expected to rise 25 percent by 2030.

 

The city has not acknowledged that the region is suffering from a long-term drought which may prove to be permanent,” the grand jury wrote.

 

San Diego is seeking more buyers of reclaimed water but doesn't have much money to expand the program, said Marsi Steirer, a top official for the city's water department.

 

Last year, San Diego completed a roughly $1 million study of water-reuse options. Reservoir augmentation was a central recommendation in that analysis. The concept involves putting super-purified water into the city's San Vicente Reservoir near Lakeside. There, it would mix with river water and be treated again before being piped throughout the city.

 

Critics of the proposal cite various public-health concerns, summarized in their nickname for the plan: “toilet to tap.”

 

Sanders doesn't dispute the science behind reservoir augmentation, but he insists that such projects are divisive, expensive and unnecessary. He points to desalination and importation of water as better options.

 

While debate continues over reservoir augmentation, the Otay Water District's new purchase of reclaimed water is being touted as a win-win situation.

 

San Diego will receive an estimated $2 million a year from Otay, while the district will be able to significantly lower its reliance on imported water.

 

“Every (gallon) that we recycle is a (gallon) of potable imported water that we won't put in the landscape,” said Otay manager Mark Watton.

 

The district began planning its $43 million piping and storage network for reclaimed water in the early 1990s, Watton said. The project started well before Otay officials were sure where their reclaimed water would come from.

 

“We knew that we were a little ahead putting in the purple pipe . . . but we also knew that you could never go in and retrofit a neighborhood. You had to have the pipes in” while the communities were being developed, Watton said.

 

Nowadays, drought conditions affecting the Colorado River and minimal snowpacks in Northern California make Otay's investment look smart. San Diego County gets most of its water from these two sources.

 

Using reclaimed water makes parks and other open spaces “essentially drought-proof,” Watton said.  #

http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20070601/news_1m1reclaim.html

 

 

AGRICULTURE:

Guest Column: Turning water into wine; To water grapevines or not -- the roots of the wine industry's next great controversy

San Francisco Chronicle – 6/1/07

By Alice Feiring, wine journalist and blogger

 

For years, I took the New World's thirst for vineyard irrigation for granted. I believed what I was told: Napa Valley was a desert and needed its 100 to 200 gallons of water per vine per season.

 

I never realized how complex an issue water was until I visited northern Oregon's Willamette Valley, where I noticed black irrigation pipes snaking through the vineyards. The region gets 40 inches of rain annually, double the oft-quoted number necessary to grow wine grapes without delivering any extra water to the vineyard. I accepted the need for water in California and even more so in desert-like eastern Washington. But the Willamette Valley?

 

In the best vineyards of Europe, the practice of dry farming -- relying solely on natural precipitation to water grapevines -- is almost universally accepted. Yet in the New World, irrigation is now viewed as essential to the wine industry's survival. And what began as a novel innovation -- drip irrigation -- has become standard practice, such that throwing dry farming into a viticulture conversation is like pitching a lit match into a brittle summer forest. Who knew that something as simple as watering plants could be so, well, hot?

 

Here's one reason why: California is anticipating drought conditions this year. Most vintners who dry-farm aren't worried; they've seen it before and have gotten through just fine. But some, like Kunde's Steve Thomas, acknowledge that the future of viticulture will have to be sensitive to water shortages. With global warming, drought-tolerant practices are likely to become a way of life.

 

"We're going to have to start to think of it. It's got to be coming down the road," Thomas says.

 

Whether adding water or withholding it, water management is a crucial aspect of wine-grape growing, and drip irrigation can be found in about 70 percent of the state's 471,000 acres of wine grapes.

 

Originally, the preferred watering method was flood irrigation, in which parcels of vineyard were deluged with water.

 

According to Peter H. Gleick, president of the Pacific Institute in Oakland, which studies global water issues, flooding was quite wasteful, using 20 percent more water than the current technology. It was replaced by drip irrigation, a method that applies water in drops to each individual vine, which was devised more than a century ago but refined by Israeli researchers after World War II. Drip irrigation arrived in California in the 1970s.

 

And it was firmly in place when the devastating vine louse phylloxera hit the state in the late 1980s. Large swaths of California vineyards were replanted. One key decision during replanting was to ditch the drought-resistant rootstock most of the state was planted on -- phylloxera-resistant St. George as well as the popular hybrid AxR1, which had been thought to fend off phylloxera but turned out to be vulnerable.

 

They were replaced with riparian rootstock -- water-loving stuff. Roots that previously had to dig deep now hung out close to the ground -- and that's where University of California Davis viticulture and enology professor Larry E. Williams likes them.

 

"If you're a grape grower, you want to have that vine dependent on what you do so you can manipulate them," says Williams, whose academic work focuses on irrigation management. Williams further explained: "Since the vine is getting most of its water from the drip system, then a grape grower has greater control on how much the vine gets water."

 

The other objective for replanting was to mirror the density in Bordeaux and Burgundy, up to 2,500 vines per acre instead of the previous status quo of 450. Vines competed for the soil's water and prompted the need for 100 to 200 gallons of water per vine per season -- each vine typically produces two to four bottles of quality wine per year. Though water consumption in California rose as a result, replanting helped revive the state's fine wine industry, and the practices became standard.

 

But not all vintners are convinced. In Oregon, the Deep Roots Coalition views irrigation as an unnecessary, terroir-occluding manipulation.

 

"When Oregon's wine pioneers ... planted the first vinifera wine grapes in the north Willamette Valley, they understood that with the abundant rainfall and careful attention to timely cultivation of the soil, irrigation was just not necessary for the vines to thrive," says Doug Tunnell of Brick House Vineyards. "Today, 40 years on, those same first vineyards have yet to see a single drop of water from a drip hose."

 

Less water, more terroir

 

Pinning their belief on old-world wisdom about grape growing, the Deep Roots Coalition's seven Willamette-based wineries believe dry farming is the way to deliver a specific sense of place to a wine and one that reflects the vintage -- not the viticultural decisions of the winemakers.They believe that vines get addicted to water, that watering makes vines physiologically lose track of when it is time to shut down and prepare for harvest, all leading to less complex fruit.

 

One of the primary reasons they believe so fervently in dry farming lies in the nature of grapevines and their miraculous roots, which can Roto-Rooter through just about anything -- including granite and dense clay.

 

Loire Valley vintner Nicolas Joly, a guru of the biodynamic movement, claims vines can wriggle down 60 feet into the ground.

 

British wine writer (and Chronicle contributor) Jancis Robinson writes in the "Oxford Companion to Wine" that it's more likely 20 feet, and usually that's in more arid areas like Portugal's Douro Valley, where vines must seek precious water to nourish their grapes and stay alive.

 

Besides water, vines also suck up a diversity of minerals in the soil that leave a minerally stamp on the fruit. In the right deep soils, and if there are 18 to 20 inches of rain in the winter, conventional wisdom dictates that irrigation is not necessary.

 

Europeans seeking fine wine associate irrigation with overcropping -- when vineyards have large yields of under-ripe grapes -- and generic table wine, which prompted regional laws that outlawed the practice in places like Burgundy and Bordeaux. Though the beastly hot summer of 2003 resulted in some bending of the irrigation rules and further changes were announced recently by French officials, the practice is still frowned upon as a violation of terroir among the Old World's greatest wineries. But things are never that simple.

 

UC Davis professor Williams acknowledged a few examples of California vineyards that can dry-farm, many even in relatively arid Paso Robles and others in Sonoma's Dry Creek Valley. But he talks about those remaining old vines -- beautiful head-pruned gnarly vines, such as those found in Kunde Estate's Century vineyard -- as oddities.

 

Growers' insurance

 

Steve Thomas is the vineyard manager of the 600-acre Kunde Estate in Kenwood, out of which 100 acres are dry-farmed.

 

Thomas said that even if he was able to convert to dry farming he would keep the pipes -- installed to the tune of $1,600 an acre -- as insurance to deal with the variability of weather and for applying vineyard treatments such as nutrients, fertilizers and pesticides.

 

Like many others, he underscored that if California returned to dry farming, vintners would have to rip out rootstock, replace with drought-resistant types and replant vines farther apart.

 

Which is exactly what Tablas Creek Vineyard in Paso Robles did when it put in new plantings. Most of the property gets two deep waterings a season with drip pipes. General manager Jason Haas says his family planted that new plot in 2006 and 2007 -- totally dry farmed -- because they had no water access on the vineyard.

 

They planted on 1103-P, a rootstock known for its excellent drought resistance. Haas planted less densely, based on 600 vines per acre, more similar to traditional dry farming in Paso than in Chateauneuf du Pape, where the Perrin family -- a partner in Tablas Creek -- also farms vineyards.

 

Irrigation is part of the ongoing debate between traditional and modern winemaking, Haas mused. "But it really depends on whether you are trying to make a product that is consistent or a product that represents that place and year in as compelling a way as possible," Haas says. "It's like Fresno State (viticulture and enology) profs rolling their eyes at the use of native yeasts (and saying), 'Well yes, if they want to take that risk.' "

 

In Napa, soft-spoken winemaker Boris Champy takes such risks -- with both native yeasts and dry farming -- at Dominus, owned by Christian Moueix of Bordeaux's legendary Chateau Petrus.

 

"When I was in school in Bordeaux my professor told us about the dry farming on the Greek island of Santorini, which illustrated how adaptable the vine could be," Champy says. "Sometimes they only get 4 inches of rain a whole year. But because the soil is made up of crushed pumice and is greatly absorbent, it transfers the tremendous nighttime humidity as moisture to the vine."

 

Irrigation not only keeps vines well hydrated, it is a significant player in manipulating fruit flavors and quality. Since the early 1990s, the fashion in grape picking has typically been to leave fruit on the vine until late in the season in order to elevate the level of Brix, a measure used for grape sugar.

 

"Remember eucalyptus and green bean flavors?" asks Philip Coturri, who runs a vineyard management company Enterprise Vineyards that specializes in organic farming. "Those were due to unripe grapes. To get today's super-ripe flavors the vines need hydration. Irrigations produce a very different type of wine. Irrigation is a tool for extended ripening."

 

But isn't there a taste in between green beans and jam? What happens if wine drinkers start wanting a less opulent style? Fashion changes, after all.

 

Some wine writers and consumers have complained about high alcohol levels and smack-you-over-the-head fruit coming from a long hang time and the often-needed dealcoholizations and acidulations to correct them. Coturri, who besides his family's eponymous farm in Glen Ellen works vineyards for Hanzell Vineyards in Sonoma (which farms with little or no irrigation) and Oakville Ranch Vineyards in Napa, doesn't see that happening. People like the ultra-fruity flavors, he insists.

 

And then there's the money.

 

Unlike Europe, California's vineyards tend to be large, making it more difficult to work the land manually and much more difficult to control without irrigation. "As an organic farmer," said Coturri, "I'm in demand. I pay my workers between $10 to $12 an hour. To do that I must produce a consistent 2.5 to 3 tons an acre. On so many of these properties if I dry-farmed them, I'd get 1.5 to 2 tons. It's a matter of sustainability."

 

But in addition to Dominus, such long-standing Napa properties as Grgich Hills and Frog's Leap dry-farm. John Williams, founder of Frog's Leap Winery in Rutherford, recalls buying his vineyards in 1987. "The vineyards were dry-farmed but then I started to irrigate, because I came from UC Davis. By God, we know how to take care of a vineyard!" he says.

 

"Under irrigation, I soon realized the vineyards were not thriving. Phylloxera attacked. Fortunately Frank Leeds, our neighbor then -- now vineyard manager -- was driving by the vineyard and said to me, 'I don't want to interject here, but you're killing that vineyard.' And that's when he taught me dry farming. What are the great wines that built the reputation of this valley -- the old Inglenooks and BVs? Not a single one of those wines were irrigated."

 

Despite using AxR1, Williams' vines fought off the louse in the '80s. He suspects that when he irrigated, the roots shrank up to the danger zone that phylloxera inhabited in the soil. By reverting to dry farming, the roots ran down to water and safety.

 

One essential requirement of dry farming in arid regions like California is the need to plow the land. This keeps the soil sponge-like, ready to absorb every bit of water that comes its way. If the land is hard or has cover crops during the growing season, dry-farming can't be effective.

 

Ivo Jeramaz, Grgich Hills' vice president of vineyards and production, agrees: "There's an old saying that one cultivation is worth two irrigations." Jeramaz comes from Croatia, where soils are rocky and the water is scarce. He also says that his vineyards resisted the louse at Grgich's Carneros vineyard site, despite use of the vulnerable AxR1 rootstock. He believes his roots went deep enough to a sandy spot beneath dense clay where they stayed safe. That said, there are no clear scientific conclusions about any link between irrigation and phylloxera.

 

Art of dry farming

 

"Where irrigation is a science, dry farming is more an art. It's not always possible, but when it is, it's the best option," conceded Coturri, who oversees both farming options in his vineyard management business. "You see, it's not what you do, it's how you do it. As far as usage? Am I aware of the water I use? You bet I am. And the pavement we put up depletes the aquifer more than vineyard irrigation. Growing high-quality plants is a balancing act. I will use every tool at my disposal to produce something that I love."

 

Those who endorse dry farming see things in a starker light. "The mind-set of irrigation needs to be challenged. It is just like the great gas-guzzling cars that we have decided are our God-given right to drive," says John Paul Cameron, an Oregon winemaker who's a founding member of the Deep Roots Coalition. "Since water, like oil, is becoming an increasingly scarce commodity, I believe that our position is the wave of the future."

 

When pressed, others will often agree. The Pacific Institute's Gleick first said dry farming was impossible. Later he reflected: "As water gets more scarce, we might see a revival of dry farming. Water is still pretty cheap, but when the cost goes up people will look to alternatives and look at lessons from the past." #

Alice Feiring is a wine journalist and blogger. Harcourt will be publishing her book, "The Battle for Wine & Love," in spring 2008. E-mail her at wine@sfchronicle.com.

http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/06/01/WIG8OQ1CII1.DTL&hw=water&sn=011&sc=1000

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